In 1967, Israel captured the Old City of Jerusalem (including the Al-Aqsa Mosque) from Jordan, along with the West Bank, Gaza, and the Golan Heights. This event is known in the Arab world as the 'Naksah' (The Setback).
972
Who was the founder of the 'Muslim Brotherhood' in Egypt in 1928?
Hassan al-Banna founded the Ikhwan al-Muslimin to promote Islamic social and political reform in response to British colonialism and the perceived secularization of Egyptian society.
973
The 'Battle of Omdurman' (1898) saw the British defeat which Islamic movement in Sudan?
The Mahdist state had been established by Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi in the 1880s. The British victory at Omdurman, using modern machine guns, effectively ended the Mahdist rule and brought Sudan under Anglo-Egyptian control.
974
The 'Indian Rebellion' (War of Independence) of 1857 resulted in the final end of which dynasty?
Following the suppression of the rebellion, the British exiled the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, to Rangoon. This officially ended the Mughal Dynasty and brought India under direct British Crown rule.
975
The 'Sykes-Picot Agreement' (1916) was a secret deal between Britain and France to:
The agreement ignored the aspirations of Arab nationalists and divided the Levant and Iraq into spheres of British and French influence, creating the artificial borders that define the modern Middle East.
976
The 'Balfour Declaration' of 1917 was a statement from the British government expressing support for:
This letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour was a turning point in history, as it provided international legitimacy for Zionist claims in Palestine and contradicted earlier British promises to Arab leaders.
977
The 'Wahhabi' movement in the 18th century Arabian Peninsula aimed to:
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab advocated for a return to the fundamentals of the Quran and Sunnah as practiced by the Salaf. He formed an alliance with Muhammad ibn Saud, leading to the establishment of the Saudi state.
978
The 'Tanzimat' reforms in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire were aimed at:
The Tanzimat (Reorganization) era (1839–1876) introduced modern education, a westernized legal code, and equal rights for all Ottoman subjects regardless of religion, in an attempt to save the 'Sick Man of Europe'.
979
The 'Treaty of Karlowitz' (1699) forced the Ottoman Empire to cede which territory to the Habsburgs?
Following a series of defeats, the Ottomans signed this treaty, which marked the first time the empire lost significant territory in Europe. It signaled the end of Ottoman dominance in Central Europe.
980
The 'Battle of Chaldiran' (1514) was a major conflict between which two empires?
Sultan Selim I defeated Shah Ismail I at Chaldiran. The Ottoman victory was due to their superior gunpowder technology and ensured Ottoman control over Eastern Anatolia and Iraq.
