Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) revolutionized science with his 'Book of Optics'. He was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces off objects and enters the eye, and he laid the foundation for the scientific method.
962
The 'Treaty of Lausanne' (1923) established the borders of modern:
Replacing the harsh Treaty of Sèvres, this treaty followed the Turkish War of Independence. It recognized the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey and facilitated a massive population exchange between Turkey and Greece.
963
Which Safavid Shah moved the capital to Isfahan and made it one of the world's most beautiful cities?
Shah Abbas the Great transformed Isfahan into 'Half the World' (Nesf-e Jahan). He promoted silk trade, architecture, and Persian culture, making the Safavid court a rival to the Ottomans and Mughals.
964
The 'Taj Mahal' in Agra was built by which Mughal Emperor as a mausoleum for his wife?
Built in memory of Mumtaz Mahal, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Indo-Islamic architecture. It represents the height of Mughal architectural refinement, combining Persian, Indian, and Turkish styles.
965
The 'Battle of Ankara' in 1402 saw the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I defeated and captured by:
Timur's victory shattered the rising Ottoman Empire and led to an 11-year Ottoman Interregnum (civil war) before the state was reunited under Mehmed I.
966
Who was the 'Zangi' leader who first captured Edessa from the Crusaders in 1144, triggering the Second Crusade?
The fall of the County of Edessa was the first major loss for the Crusaders. Zengi's victory proved that the Crusader states were not invincible and galvanized the Muslim counter-offensive.
967
The 'Reconquista' of Spain was completed in 1492 with the fall of:
The surrender of Boabdil (Muhammad XII), the last Nasrid Sultan of Granada, to Ferdinand and Isabella marked the end of Muslim political presence in Western Europe after nearly 800 years.
968
The 'Maliki' school of law gained prominence in al-Andalus largely due to the influence of:
Andalusian scholars traveled to Madinah to study Imam Malik's 'Muwatta'. The Umayyad rulers supported this school because it was perceived as stable and deeply rooted in the traditions of the Prophet's city.
969
Which Muslim leader was a key figure in the 1973 oil embargo used to pressure Western supporters of Israel?
King Faisal led the OPEC decision to cut oil production during the Yom Kippur War. The move caused a global energy crisis and highlighted the economic power of the Arab oil-producing nations.
970
The 'Organisation of Islamic Cooperation' (OIC) was founded in 1969 following an arson attack on:
The burning of the Al-Aqsa Mosque by a fanatic led to the first Islamic Summit in Rabat, Morocco. The OIC was established to represent the collective voice of the Muslim world and protect its holy sites.
