Pakistan has been elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council seven times. These terms occurred in 1952-1953, 1968-1969, 1976-1977, 1983-1984, 1993-1994, 2003-2004, and 2012-2013. Serving on the Council allows member states to participate directly in the decision-making processes regarding international peace and security, reflecting Pakistan's active engagement in global diplomacy and multilateral forums.

The 18th SAARC summit was held in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, in November 2014 (though the question references 2013, the summit occurred in 2014). Kathmandu serves as the administrative hub for the region and has hosted multiple SAARC summits, underscoring Nepal's central role in fostering regional dialogue and diplomatic cooperation among South Asian states.

The G20 summit held in Russia in 2013 was a significant diplomatic event. While the G7 nations are core members of the G20, the hosting of the G20 summit in St. Petersburg, Russia, marked a period of intense international engagement regarding global economic governance and regional security issues during that year.

Genghis Khan was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His military campaigns were characterized by extreme mobility and tactical brilliance. By the time of his death in 1227, his forces had successfully conquered vast regions, including significant portions of the Khwarazmian Empire in Persia, fundamentally altering the geopolitical landscape of Eurasia.

Bahrain gained its formal independence from the United Kingdom in 1971. The British had maintained a protectorate over Bahrain and other Trucial States in the Persian Gulf for many years. In the late 1960s, the British government announced its intention to withdraw its military presence from the region, leading to the formal end of the treaty relationship and the emergence of Bahrain as a sovereign, independent state.

On 14 January 2013, military representatives from India and Pakistan met at the Chakan-Da-Bagh crossing point in the Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir. This Brigade Commander-level flag meeting was convened to address rising tensions and ceasefire violations along the Line of Control. Such meetings are a standard diplomatic and military mechanism used to de-escalate localized conflicts and maintain communication channels between the two armies.

The Goldsmith Line, also known as the Goldsmid Line, was demarcated in 1871 by Sir Frederic Goldsmid to define the border between the Persian Empire (modern-day Iran) and the Khanate of Kalat (now part of Pakistan). This boundary remains the official international frontier between Pakistan and Iran, stretching from the Kohak region to the Gwadar coast, providing a stable, albeit historically complex, geopolitical demarcation between the two states.

In 2006, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 61/89, which officially launched the process to negotiate a legally binding instrument on the international trade in conventional arms. This initiative aimed to establish common international standards for the import, export, and transfer of conventional weapons to reduce human suffering and promote regional stability, eventually leading to the treaty's adoption in 2013.

Polo originated in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran) around the 6th century BC. It was initially developed as a rigorous training exercise for cavalry units, allowing soldiers to practice horsemanship and coordination. Over time, it evolved into a popular sport among the Persian nobility, eventually spreading across Asia and later to the rest of the world through trade and military expansion.

The game of chess was known as 'Shatranj' in the Arab world. This name is a direct adaptation of the Persian word 'Chatrang.' Shatranj was the precursor to modern chess and spread extensively throughout the Islamic world, eventually reaching Europe and evolving into the game played today.