The 'State of Nature' is a hypothetical construct used by political philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau to describe the condition of humanity before the establishment of organized political society or government. It serves as a baseline to evaluate the necessity and legitimacy of the state by contrasting pre-political life with life under a sovereign authority.

Hobbes famously characterized the state of nature as a 'war of all against all.' In this condition, individuals are driven by competition, diffidence, and glory, leading to constant conflict. Without a sovereign power to enforce laws, life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short, as there is no security for property or person.

Thomas Hobbes is a foundational social contract theorist, most famous for his work 'Leviathan'. He argued that individuals in a state of nature, characterized by chaos and fear, enter into a social contract to surrender their rights to an absolute sovereign in exchange for security and order. This theory provides a rationalist justification for the existence of the state.

In 'Leviathan', Thomas Hobbes describes the state of nature as a 'war of all against all.' He posits that human beings are driven by self-interest, competition, and a perpetual desire for power. Because humans are inherently selfish and prone to conflict, Hobbes argues that a strong, absolute sovereign is necessary to maintain order and prevent the chaos that would otherwise define human existence.

Thomas Hobbes defined 'Felicity' as the continual success in obtaining those things which a person desires from time to time. While often associated with happiness, Hobbes specifically framed it as a restless pursuit of desires. This definition is central to his understanding of human nature, where the constant drive for satisfaction leads to competition and the necessity of a sovereign power to maintain order.

Hobbes describes the Commonwealth or Leviathan as an 'artificial man' because it is a creation of human artifice, constructed through the social contract to escape the state of nature. It is not a natural organism but a political structure designed by humans to ensure security and order. By being 'outside of nature' and 'manufactured', it represents the transition from the chaotic natural state to a governed, civil society.

For Hobbes, the social contract is an agreement among individuals to surrender their natural rights to a third party, the Sovereign. The Sovereign is not a party to the contract but rather the creation of it, possessing absolute authority to maintain order and prevent the state of nature.

Thomas Hobbes, in his seminal work 'Leviathan', argued that to escape the chaotic 'state of nature'—characterized by a war of all against all—individuals must surrender their rights to an absolute sovereign. His theory was designed to provide a rational justification for absolute monarchy, ensuring order and security by centralizing power in the hands of a single, indivisible authority.

Hobbes argues that the sovereign is the sole source of order and law. When the social covenant is broken through rebellion, the authority that prevents chaos is removed, inevitably leading to a state of nature, which Hobbes characterizes as a 'war of all against all' where life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.

Thomas Hobbes, in his seminal work 'Leviathan', used this vivid description to illustrate the miserable conditions of humanity in the absence of a central governing authority. He argued that without a sovereign to enforce laws and maintain order, human existence would be defined by constant conflict and the absence of industry or culture.