Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, often referred to as Umar II, was a ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate. He reigned from 717 to 720 AD and is widely celebrated in Islamic history for his piety, justice, and efforts to reform the administration of the state, often being compared to the Rashidun Caliphs.

The Ottoman Sultanate was formally abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on November 1, 1922. This action effectively ended the Ottoman Empire, which had existed for over six centuries, and paved the way for the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

Tamur Lang, also known as Tamerlane or Timur, was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who led a massive military campaign into India in 1398. His forces successfully invaded and plundered Delhi, causing significant destruction to the existing Sultanate administration.

Sher Shah Suri is widely celebrated for his revolutionary land revenue administration. He implemented a systematic survey of land and established a standardized revenue collection process that significantly improved agricultural productivity and state income. These reforms were so effective that they served as a foundational model for the later Mughal administrative structure, particularly the systems implemented by Emperor Akbar.

Abraham Lincoln is the U.S. president most famously associated with the abolition of slavery. His administration oversaw the transition from the Emancipation Proclamation to the constitutional mandate provided by the 13th Amendment. By prioritizing the preservation of the Union and the eradication of the institution of slavery, Lincoln fundamentally transformed the American social and political landscape, ensuring that the practice was legally prohibited across all states following the conclusion of the Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln, often referred to in some historical texts by the variant spelling 'Ibrahim', was the 16th President of the United States. He was the first president to be elected from the Republican Party, which had been formed in the mid-1850s. His presidency was defined by the American Civil War and the preservation of the Union, as well as the abolition of slavery through the Emancipation Proclamation.

Liu Bang, posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu, was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty. After the fall of the short-lived Qin dynasty, he emerged victorious in the Chu-Han Contention, establishing a stable imperial administration that would govern China for over four centuries.

Sun Yat-sen, often referred to as the father of modern China, played a crucial role in the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which ended the Qing dynasty. Following the success of the revolution, he was inaugurated as the first provisional president of the Republic of China in 1912, marking a significant transition in Chinese political history.

Jam-e-Jahan-Numa is widely acknowledged by historians as the first Urdu-language newspaper. It was first published in Kolkata in 1822. This publication played a crucial role in the development of Urdu journalism and provided a platform for news and social discourse during the colonial period in India.

The Bolshevik Revolution, also known as the October Revolution, was a pivotal event in 1917 that led to the collapse of the Russian Provisional Government. Led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, it resulted in the establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, marking the beginning of the Soviet Union and fundamentally altering the course of 20th-century global history.