CSS Paper Comparative Study of Major Religions (For Non Muslims) 2015 MCQs

While various fortifications were built by different states earlier, the unification and major construction of the Great Wall of China are famously attributed to Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, around 214 BC. This project was intended to protect the newly unified Chinese empire from northern nomadic incursions.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-e-Azam, was the primary advocate for the Muslim League during the Cabinet Mission negotiations in 1946. He firmly insisted that the grouping of Muslim-majority provinces was essential to ensure the political and cultural security of Muslims in India. His stance was a pivotal step in the movement toward the eventual creation of Pakistan as an independent sovereign nation.

The Abbasid Caliphate, which succeeded the Umayyads, established its capital in Baghdad and oversaw a golden age of Islamic culture and science. Its political authority effectively ended in 1258 A.D. when the Mongol forces, led by Hulagu Khan, besieged and sacked Baghdad, resulting in the death of the last Abbasid Caliph, Al-Musta'sim, and the destruction of the city's infrastructure.

Dr. Christiaan Barnard, a South African cardiac surgeon, achieved a major medical milestone by performing the first successful human-to-human heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. This pioneering procedure revolutionized transplant surgery and brought global attention to the field of cardiology.

Japan is a major Asian power that has signed and ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). As the only country to have suffered the use of nuclear weapons in war, Japan has consistently advocated for global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. Its ratification of the CTBT reflects its long-standing commitment to international security frameworks and the prevention of nuclear testing, which is a central pillar of its foreign policy.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, a visionary reformer and the founder of the Aligarh Movement, was born on 17 October 1817 in Delhi. He played a pivotal role in the educational and social upliftment of Muslims in British India. His efforts to bridge the gap between traditional Islamic learning and modern Western education were instrumental in shaping the intellectual landscape of the subcontinent.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote 'Risala-i-Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind' (The Causes of the Indian Revolt) in 1858. This significant work was written to explain the reasons behind the 1857 War of Independence from an Indian perspective, aiming to clarify to the British authorities that the uprising was not solely the fault of the Muslims, but a result of British administrative failures.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan launched the journal 'Tehzibul-Akhlaq' (Social Reformer) in 1870. The primary objective of this publication was to modernize the thinking of the Muslim community in India, encouraging them to embrace Western scientific education while maintaining their religious identity. It played a crucial role in the Aligarh Movement, fostering intellectual growth and social reform among Indian Muslims during the colonial era.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan authored 'The Loyal Mohammedans of India' in 1860. The primary purpose of this work was to defend the Muslim community against accusations of disloyalty following the 1857 War of Independence. By highlighting the contributions and loyalty of various Muslims to the British administration, Sir Syed aimed to bridge the gap between the Muslim population and the British rulers, thereby fostering better relations and educational opportunities.

The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (M.A.O.) College, founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1875, played a crucial role in the educational upliftment of Muslims in British India. Following the Aligarh Muslim University Act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the college was formally upgraded to Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. This transformation marked a significant milestone in the history of the Aligarh Movement and Muslim education in the subcontinent.