Alan Turing formalized the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine and proposed the Turing Test for AI.

Sir Alec Jeffreys developed DNA profiling in 1984, which revolutionized forensic science and paternity testing.

Space Shuttle Enterprise was a test vehicle used for approach and landing tests in 1977; it lacked engines and a heat shield for orbit.

The Parker Solar Probe, launched to study the Sun, uses gravity assists to achieve record-breaking speeds, eventually exceeding 430,000 mph.

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) successfully impacted the asteroid moonlet Dimorphos in 2022 to change its orbit.

The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975 marked the first time US and Soviet spacecraft docked in space, symbolizing a thaw in the Cold War.

The Space Shuttle program concluded with the landing of Atlantis (STS-135) on July 21, 2011.

Shechtman discovered patterns in atoms that were ordered but not repeating, which was previously thought impossible.

Their discovery led to blood tests and new medicines that have saved millions of lives from liver cirrhosis and cancer.

By observing distant supernovae, they discovered that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, implying the existence of dark energy.