The Reformation was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church, leading to the rise of Protestantism.

The Luddites were a secret oath-based organization of English textile workers in the 19th century who destroyed textile machinery as a form of protest against industrialization.

The May Fourth Movement was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919.

Dada was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century. It rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest.

The Black Arts Movement promoted cultural and political empowerment.

The Yippies mixed theater and protest to challenge authority.

The Yippies used theatrical protest and humor to challenge political power.

The May 1968 protests led to major cultural and political changes in France.

The Folk Revival used music to promote social change and protest.

Seven properties built by the architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926) in or near Barcelona testify to Gaudí's exceptional creative contribution to the development of architecture and building technology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.