The FSB was established in April 2009 as a successor to the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) by the G20 nations, in response to the 2008 global financial crisis.

Basel III sought to address vulnerabilities in the financial system exposed during the 2008 crisis.

The CTBT Organization (CTBTO) is a separate entity responsible for monitoring nuclear explosions. The IAEA assists with certain technical and information matters.

The Labs apply methodologies like sensing, exploring, and scaling to test new approaches rapidly.

Georgia withdrew from the CIS in August 2009, following the 2008 Russo-Georgian War over the breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

The ASEAN Charter, adopted in 2007 and entered into force in 2008, provides a legal framework for ASEAN, strengthening its institutional structure.

Polish troops seized Vilna, the capital of Lithuania. The League protested but failed to force Poland to withdraw, marking an early failure.

South Sudan became the 193rd member of the United Nations on July 14, 2011, following its independence from Sudan.

The Nika Riots were massive and violent uprisings in Constantinople starting at the Hippodrome. They were initially protests by the two main chariot racing factions, the Blues and the Greens, against Justinian's administration, but quickly turned into a political revolt to depose him.

Krishnadevaraya (reigned 1509–1529 AD) of the Tuluva dynasty was the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. He was a patron of the arts and literature, known by the title 'Andhra Bhoja' for his patronage of Telugu literature, and was himself a gifted author, writing *Amuktamalyada*.