Al-Battani was one of the greatest astronomers of the Islamic Golden Age. He calculated the solar year to be 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes, and 24 seconds, which is extremely close to modern measurements. His work heavily influenced later European astronomers like Copernicus and Brahe.

Ibn al-Haytham revolutionized science by insisting on empirical evidence and experimental repeatability. In his 'Book of Optics,' he correctly explained that vision occurs when light reflects off objects into the eye, debunking the ancient Greek 'emission theory.' His methodology of testing hypotheses through controlled experiments laid the foundational groundwork for the modern scientific method.

The scientific method is based on observation, experimentation, and testing hypotheses.

Sufi theology teaches that miracles are not the saint's own doing but are acts of God through the saint to encourage others or provide help. The greatest 'Karamat' is believed to be the ability to change a person's heart from darkness to light.

Hafiz is considered the greatest master of the Persian Ghazal. His 'Diwan' uses ambiguous language of wine and love to describe the soul's ecstatic and often painful search for God, making it one of the most widely read books in the Islamic world.

Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani is revered across the Muslim world as the 'Ghaus-e-Azam' (the Greatest Helper). His reputation for spiritual power and his foundational Qadiri order have made him one of the most cited saints in Islamic history.

Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh, who was the favored heir of Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb's nearly $50$-year reign expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent but faced numerous internal rebellions.

Sparked by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, the protests led to the ousting of long-time dictators in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. However, it also resulted in civil wars in Syria and Libya.

Characterized by mass protests and the 'war of stones,' the Intifada brought international attention to the Palestinian cause and eventually led to the 1993 Oslo Accords.

Centered in Gao and spanning the Niger River valley, the Songhai Empire became the largest state in African history. Askia Muhammad, in particular, was a patron of learning, making Timbuktu a world-renowned intellectual center.