Tashahhud is the sitting position where one recites the testimony of faith before ending prayer.

She stated that a mere declaration is not a 'tremendous achievement' and that the House should be humble until the ideals are translated into actual practice [45].

Aisha (RA) was the daughter of Abu Bakr. This marriage strengthened ties between the Prophet ﷺ and Abu Bakr. She became one of the greatest narrators of hadith. Her scholarship enriched the Ummah.

Aisha (RA) was falsely accused in the incident of Ifk. Allah revealed verses in Surah Nur clearing her name. This event tested the community’s

faith. It emphasized the seriousness of slander.

Aisha (RA) was a wife of the Prophet ﷺ and one of the greatest scholars of hadith. She narrated over 2000 hadiths. Her knowledge covered fiqh, medicine, and poetry. She played a central role in preserving the Sunnah.

The Battle of Tabuk was fought against the Romans in 630 CE. It was more of an expedition as no major battle occurred. It tested the believers’ readiness. It showed Islam’s growing strength beyond Arabia.

The Prophet ﷺ passed away at age 63 in Madinah. His mission lasted 23 years. His death was the greatest loss to the Ummah. Yet his legacy continues through the Qur’an and Sunnah.

The failed siege taught Muslims that not every battle ends in immediate success. Allah grants victory when He wills, and patience with trust in Him is the true path.

In which year did the Battle of Tabūk take place?
A. 7 A.H.
B. 8 A.H.
C. 9 A.H.
D. 10 A.H.
Correct Answer: C. 9 A.H.
Explanation: The Tabūk expedition happened in Rajab, 9 A.H., also called the “Year of Hardship” due to famine and drought in Arabia.

Who was the enemy force expected at Tabūk?
A. Quraysh
B. Persians
C. Romans (Byzantines) and Ghassānid allies
D. Thaqīf
Correct Answer: C. Romans (Byzantines) and Ghassānid allies
Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ prepared to confront the Byzantine Romans and their Arab allies, though the confrontation never occurred.

What was the size of the Muslim army at Tabūk?
A. 10,000
B. 20,000
C. 30,000
D. 40,000
Correct Answer: C. 30,000
Explanation: This was the largest Muslim army assembled during the Prophet’s ﷺ lifetime, despite the hardships of the time.

Why is the Tabūk expedition also called “Ghazwat al-ʿUsrah” (Expedition of Hardship)?
A. Because it was fought in the desert heat
B. Because of shortage of food, water, and resources
C. Because the Muslims were defeated
D. Because it lasted 40 days
Correct Answer: B. Because of shortage of food, water, and resources
Explanation: There was famine and drought in Madinah. Many lacked mounts, food, and water. Muslims endured extreme hardship in preparation and travel.

Who was the commander of the army at Tabūk?
A. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
B. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
C. The Prophet ﷺ himself
D. Khālid ibn al-Walīd
Correct Answer: C. The Prophet ﷺ himself
Explanation: As with most major expeditions, the Prophet ﷺ personally commanded the Muslim army.

How long did the Prophet ﷺ stay at Tabūk?
A. 7 days
B. 10 days
C. 20 days
D. 40 days
Correct Answer: C. 20 days
Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ stayed at Tabūk for 20 days, but no actual battle occurred as the Byzantines did not engage.

How did the Prophet ﷺ finance the expedition?
A. From Bayt al-Māl alone
B. Through spoils from Khaybar
C. By calling for public donations
D. By taking a loan from Quraysh
Correct Answer: C. By calling for public donations
Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ asked the Muslims to contribute. The wealthy gave generously, while the poor gave small amounts or even physical labor.

Who gave the greatest financial contribution at Tabūk?
A. Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq
B. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
C. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
D. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
Correct Answer: C. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
Explanation: ʿUthmān (RA) gave 300 camels, 1000 gold dinars, and huge supplies, earning the title “Ghanī al-Tabūk” (the Generous of Tabūk).

What did Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq (RA) contribute?
A. Half of his wealth
B. All of his wealth
C. A sword and shield
D. Ten camels
Correct Answer: B. All of his wealth
Explanation: Abū Bakr (RA) brought everything he owned, leaving nothing at home, relying completely on Allah.

What did ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (RA) contribute?
A. All his wealth
B. Half of his wealth
C. A few dirhams
D. 50 camels
Correct Answer: B. Half of his wealth
Explanation: ʿUmar (RA) gave half his wealth, hoping to outdo Abū Bakr, but found Abū Bakr had given everything.

How were the poor Muslims who lacked mounts described?
A. Ashāb al-Ṣuffah
B. Ashāb al-Badr
C. Al-Bakkāʾūn (Those who wept)
D. Al-Muhājirūn
Correct Answer: C. Al-Bakkāʾūn (Those who wept)
Explanation: These were companions who wept because they had no means to join the expedition. Allah praised their sincerity in Qur’an 9:92.

Which verse of the Qur’an mentions the hardship of Tabūk?
A. Qur’an 8:17
B. Qur’an 9:42–92
C. Qur’an 33:10
D. Qur’an 48:1
Correct Answer: B. Qur’an 9:42–92
Explanation: These verses in Sūrat al-Tawbah address the difficulties, hypocrites, and sincere believers during Tabūk.

How did hypocrites behave regarding Tabūk?
A. They eagerly joined
B. They tried to discourage Muslims
C. They financed the army
D. They fought bravely
Correct Answer: B. They tried to discourage Muslims
Explanation: Hypocrites made excuses not to join and mocked believers, showing their lack of faith and sincerity.

Who was left in charge of Madinah during the Prophet’s ﷺ absence?
A. Abū Bakr
B. ʿUmar
C. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
D. Zayd ibn Thābit
Correct Answer: C. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ left ʿAlī in charge of Madinah. Some mocked him, but the Prophet ﷺ reassured him: “You are to me as Hārūn was to Mūsā.”

Which three companions initially lagged behind but later repented sincerely?
A. Abū Hurayrah, Bilāl, Salmān
B. Kaʿb ibn Mālik, Hilāl ibn Umayyah, Murārah ibn Rabīʿ
C. Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ, Abū ʿUbaydah, Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām
D. ʿUthmān, Ṭalḥah, al-Miqdād
Correct Answer: B. Kaʿb ibn Mālik, Hilāl ibn Umayyah, Murārah ibn Rabīʿ
Explanation: These three delayed without excuse but later repented. Their repentance was accepted after 50 days of social boycott, as mentioned in Qur’an 9:118.

What was the result of the expedition?
A. A major battle was fought
B. Muslims defeated the Romans
C. No battle occurred; Romans withdrew
D. Muslims suffered heavy loss
Correct Answer: C. No battle occurred; Romans withdrew
Explanation: The Byzantines did not appear to fight, and the Muslims returned without combat, but with strengthened prestige.

How did Tabūk affect neighboring tribes?
A. They resisted fiercely
B. They made treaties with Muslims
C. They fled to Syria
D. They allied with Byzantines
Correct Answer: B. They made treaties with Muslims
Explanation: Many northern tribes, like Aylah and Jarbaʾ, signed peace treaties, acknowledging Muslim power.

How did the Prophet ﷺ describe the sincerity of those who stayed behind with valid excuses?
A. “They are forgiven.”
B. “They are with us in reward.”
C. “They are not true Muslims.”
D. “They will be punished.”
Correct Answer: B. “They are with us in reward.”
Explanation: He said, “There are people in Madinah who are with us in every valley we cross, though they remained behind. They were held back by excuses.” (Bukhārī).

Why is the Tabūk expedition considered important despite no fighting?
A. It showed Muslim unity and power
B. It was the last Ghazwah
C. It exposed hypocrites
D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D. All of the above
Explanation: Tabūk demonstrated Muslim strength, tested sincerity, exposed hypocrites, and was the Prophet’s last campaign.

What is the main lesson of Tabūk?
A. Victory always requires combat
B. Reliance on Allah, sincerity, and sacrifice matter more than fighting
C. Wealth is the key to jihād
D. Muslims should avoid hardship
Correct Answer: B. Reliance on Allah, sincerity, and sacrifice matter more than fighting
Explanation: The expedition showed that jihād is not just physical battle but sacrifice of wealth, comfort, and sincerity of intention. Allah looks at hearts, not numbers.

Some Muslims boasted, “We will never be defeated today because of our numbers.” Allah tested them to show that victory comes only from Him.

After the Conquest of Makkah, the tribes of Hawāzin and Thaqīf feared Muslim dominance and united against the Prophet ﷺ. They gathered at Ḥunain, a valley east of Makkah. This battle tested the Muslims right after their greatest triumph, teaching them humility and reliance upon Allah.

How many Muslims fought in the Battle of Ḥunain?
A. 3,000
B. 7,000
C. 10,000
D. 14,000
Correct Answer: D. 14,000
Explanation: The Muslim army numbered 14,000 — 10,000 from Madinah plus 4,000 newly converted Quraysh. Despite this numerical strength, the Muslims initially faced a setback due to overconfidence and ambush by the Hawāzin. This showed that numbers alone do not guarantee victory, but faith and discipline do.

What happened to the Muslim army at the start of the Battle of Ḥunain?
A. They won immediately
B. They were ambushed and retreated in panic
C. They were surrounded and all captured
D. They signed a treaty
Correct Answer: B. They were ambushed and retreated in panic
Explanation: At first, the Muslims were ambushed in a narrow valley, causing many to flee in panic. The Prophet ﷺ stood firm, calling his companions back. Gradually, the Muslims regrouped and achieved victory. This event was a reminder that faith in Allah is more important than numbers or pride.

After Ḥunain, where did the defeated tribes take refuge?
A. Khaybar
B. Ṭāʾif
C. Tabūk
D. Khandaq
Correct Answer: B. Ṭāʾif
Explanation: The Hawāzin and Thaqīf retreated to their stronghold in Ṭāʾif. Ṭāʾif was a fortified city, difficult to penetrate. The Prophet ﷺ laid siege to it but did not succeed immediately. This showed the resilience of the Thaqīf tribe, who later embraced Islam voluntarily.

What weapon was used for the first time by Muslims during the Siege of Ṭāʾif?
A. Crossbows
B. Catapults
C. Fire arrows
D. Battle elephants
Correct Answer: B. Catapults
Explanation: During the Siege of Ṭāʾif, Muslims used catapults for the first time to attack the city’s strong walls. This showed the increasing sophistication of Muslim military strategy. However, despite this, the city resisted and the siege was eventually lifted.

What happened to the spoils of war after the Battle of Ḥunain?
A. They were kept in Makkah
B. They were distributed equally among Muslims
C. They were given to newly converted Quraysh leaders
D. They were returned to the Hawāzin
Correct Answer: C. They were given to newly converted Quraysh leaders
Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ gave a large portion of the spoils to the newly converted Quraysh leaders to strengthen their faith, a policy known as taʾlīf al-qulūb (softening of hearts). This caused some Ansār to feel neglected, but the Prophet ﷺ reassured them that their reward was greater — his companionship and Allah’s pleasure.

What lesson did the Muslims learn from the Battle of Ḥunain?
A. Overconfidence leads to defeat
B. Small armies cannot win
C. Alliances with Quraysh are dangerous
D. It is better to avoid war
Correct Answer: A. Overconfidence leads to defeat
Explanation: The Muslims had just conquered Makkah and felt invincible at Ḥunain. Their initial defeat came because of pride in their large numbers. Allah reminded them through this test that victory comes only from Him. This battle purified the Muslim community from arrogance after their great success.