Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705) introduced Arabic in administration and replaced Byzantine-Sassanian coinage with Islamic coinage as part of state centralization.

The Objectives Resolution declared that sovereignty belongs to Allah and that the people would exercise authority through state institutions while guiding law-making by Islamic principles.

The Lucknow Pact marked cooperation between Congress and the Muslim League and accepted Muslim demands for separate electorates and weightage in representation.

The controversy over the greased cartridges offended both Hindu and Muslim sepoys and served as the immediate trigger for the 1857 uprising.

The text of the Lahore Resolution spoke of independent states or autonomous units in Muslim-majority areas rather than naming a single state called Pakistan.

In his 1930 Allahabad presidential address Iqbal formally envisaged a consolidated Muslim territory in north-western India, making him the earliest prominent articulator of the idea.

Queer theory critiques fixed identity categories and emphasizes fluidity in sexual and gender identities.

Patriarchy is understood as a social system in which men hold primary power across institutions and social roles.

CEDAW is the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the primary international treaty on women's rights.

Gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors and identities rather than innate biological characteristics.