Allama Muhammad Iqbal presided over the All-India Muslim League’s annual session in Allahabad in 1930. His presidential address is historically significant for articulating the idea of a separate Muslim homeland in the northwestern and eastern zones of India, laying the ideological foundation for the Pakistan movement.

Syed Ameer Ali, a prominent Muslim scholar and jurist, founded the London Muslim League in 1908 to represent Muslim interests in India to the British government. As its first president, he advocated for Muslim political rights, including separate electorates, which were later incorporated into the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909.

Pakistan's first constitution was adopted in 1956, which declared the country an Islamic republic; the other years correspond to independence and later constitutions.

"Niyyah" means intention in Arabic and the hadith "Actions are judged by intentions" refers directly to the importance of niyyah.

Amanah denotes trust, responsibility, and fulfilment of obligations, therefore option b is correct.

Family is the primary institution where children first learn moral values, so option a is correct.

The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the highest law of the land, making option d correct.

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body charged with constitutional interpretation, so option c is correct.

Faruqi is a leading Urdu critic and scholar noted for his analytical studies of classical forms and for reviving interest in traditional narratives and aesthetics.

Praetorianism denotes frequent military intervention and dominance in politics stemming from weak civilian control and institutions.