Europe contains 16 landlocked countries. These are nations that do not have direct access to an open ocean or sea. Examples include Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. While definitions can vary slightly based on the inclusion of microstates or transcontinental countries, 16 is the standard figure frequently cited in geographical studies regarding the European continent's political geography.

The United States launched its first space station, known as Skylab, on May 14, 1973. It was the only space station the United States operated independently. Skylab orbited the Earth from 1973 to 1979 and was used to conduct various scientific experiments, including solar observations and medical studies on the effects of microgravity on humans.

Hamas was founded in 1987 during the early stages of the First Intifada. It is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist, militant, and nationalist organization that operates primarily in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Hamas is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist, militant, and nationalist organization. It governs the Gaza Strip and is recognized as a political and social movement that has been involved in the long-standing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, often described in international media as a radical group.

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is a prominent insurgent organization based in the southern regions of the Philippines. The group has historically engaged in a long-standing struggle for autonomy and the establishment of an independent state for the Moro people in the Bangsamoro region, eventually leading to the creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

Shibli Nomani was a distinguished Islamic scholar and writer in British India. He is highly regarded for his extensive literary contributions, including the multi-volume 'Shair-ul-Ajam' (Poetry of the Persians), the comparative study 'Mawazana-i-Anis-o-Dabir', and his significant biographical works on historical Islamic figures and the Prophet Muhammad.

William Wilson Hunter, a prominent British civil servant and historian, authored 'The Indian Musalmans' in 1871. The book explored the socio-political conditions of Muslims in British India during the nineteenth century, specifically addressing the causes of their discontent and the historical context of their relationship with the colonial administration.

Imam Al-Ghazali, a renowned Islamic philosopher and theologian, authored 'Al-Iqtisad fil Itiqad'. This significant work explores the principles of Islamic belief and theology, emphasizing a balanced approach to faith. It remains a foundational text in the study of Islamic intellectual history and scholastic theology.

William Wilson Hunter was a prominent British civil servant and historian who authored 'The Indian Musalmans' in 1871. This work is a significant historical document that analyzed the socio-political condition of Muslims in British India during the late 19th century, providing insights into the colonial perspective on the community's grievances and status at that time.

Ayesha Jalal is a renowned historian who has authored significant academic works regarding the political history of Pakistan, including the state and the role of martial law. Her scholarly contributions are widely recognized in South Asian studies, confirming her as the author of this specific work.