The treaty was signed in Dhul-Qaʿdah of 6 A.H. when the Prophet ﷺ and 1400 companions set out for ʿUmrah but were stopped by Quraysh. This event laid the groundwork for future victories.

What was the purpose of the Prophet’s ﷺ journey that led to Ḥudaybiyyah?
A. A raid on Quraysh caravans
B. To perform ʿUmrah
C. To fight the Quraysh
D. To conquer Makkah
Correct Answer: B. To perform ʿUmrah
Explanation: The Prophet ﷺ set out peacefully with unarmed companions to perform pilgrimage. They carried only sacrificial animals, showing their intention was worship, not war.

How many Muslims accompanied the Prophet ﷺ to Ḥudaybiyyah?
A. 700
B. 1000
C. 1400
D. 313
Correct Answer: C. 1400
Explanation: Around 1400 companions joined, showing the Muslims’ strength and unity. Despite Quraysh hostility, the Muslims demonstrated discipline and non-violence during the journey.

Who represented Quraysh during the negotiations of the treaty?
A. Abū Sufyān ibn Ḥarb
B. Suhayl ibn ʿAmr
C. ʿIkrimah ibn Abī Jahl
D. Abū Jahl
Correct Answer: B. Suhayl ibn ʿAmr
Explanation: Suhayl ibn ʿAmr negotiated with the Prophet ﷺ. His role was crucial in setting terms that Quraysh thought were in their favor, though later events proved otherwise.

What prevented Muslims from entering Makkah that year?
A. A flood
B. Quraysh blocked them at Ḥudaybiyyah
C. Internal dispute
D. Roman attack
Correct Answer: B. Quraysh blocked them at Ḥudaybiyyah
Explanation: Quraysh feared that allowing Muslims entry would weaken their authority. Instead, they forced a treaty to delay the pilgrimage until the next year.

Who acted as the scribe of the treaty?
A. Abū Bakr
B. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
C. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
D. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
Correct Answer: D. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
Explanation: ʿAlī wrote the treaty under the Prophet’s ﷺ dictation. When Suhayl objected to “Messenger of Allah,” the Prophet ﷺ agreed to replace it with “Muḥammad, son of ʿAbdullāh,” teaching humility and wisdom.

Which companion was sent to negotiate with Quraysh before the treaty?
A. Abū Bakr
B. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
C. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
D. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
Correct Answer: B. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
Explanation: ʿUthmān was sent to Makkah to explain the Muslims’ peaceful intentions. A rumor of his killing led to the Pledge of Riḍwān, where Muslims vowed to fight if necessary.

What is the Pledge of Riḍwān (Bayʿat al-Riḍwān)?
A. A pledge to perform ʿUmrah
B. A pledge to avenge ʿUthmān’s rumored death
C. A pledge to migrate to Madinah
D. A pledge to fight Romans
Correct Answer: B. A pledge to avenge ʿUthmān’s rumored death
Explanation: When Muslims thought ʿUthmān was killed, they pledged allegiance under a tree to fight Quraysh. Allah praised this pledge in Qur’an (48:18).

What was one major clause of the treaty regarding Muslims entering Makkah?
A. They could perform ʿUmrah immediately
B. They were forbidden to perform ʿUmrah
C. They could perform ʿUmrah next year
D. They could settle in Makkah permanently
Correct Answer: C. They could perform ʿUmrah next year
Explanation: Muslims had to return to Madinah without entering Makkah. However, Quraysh agreed they could return the following year for three days to perform ʿUmrah peacefully.

How long was the truce period agreed upon in the treaty?
A. 2 years
B. 5 years
C. 10 years
D. 20 years
Correct Answer: C. 10 years
Explanation: The truce was set for 10 years, ensuring peace between Quraysh and Muslims. This allowed Islam to spread without constant warfare.

What clause regarding defectors was agreed upon?
A. Any Makkan Muslim fleeing to Madinah must be returned
B. Any Muslim could freely migrate
C. Any Muslim leaving Islam would be executed
D. No one could change allegiance
Correct Answer: A. Any Makkan Muslim fleeing to Madinah must be returned
Explanation: This seemed harsh against Muslims, but the Prophet ﷺ accepted it. Later, events like the case of Abū Jandal showed Allah’s plan turned it to Islam’s advantage.

Who was Abū Jandal ibn Suhayl?
A. A Quraysh negotiator
B. Son of Suhayl who fled to Muslims during the treaty
C. Companion killed at Badr
D. Leader of Khandaq
Correct Answer: B. Son of Suhayl who fled to Muslims during the treaty
Explanation: Abū Jandal, son of Suhayl, escaped Quraysh shackles and reached Muslims. However, due to the treaty, the Prophet ﷺ returned him, showing his commitment to honor agreements.

What title did the Qur’an give to the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah?
A. Yawm al-Furqān
B. Fatḥ Mubīn (Clear Victory)
C. Aam al-Fatḥ
D. Sulḥ al-Salām
Correct Answer: B. Fatḥ Mubīn (Clear Victory)
Explanation: In Surah al-Fatḥ (48:1), Allah declared the treaty a “clear victory,” though it seemed unfavorable. The truce allowed Islam to spread peacefully, leading to the conquest of Makkah.

Which tribe joined Muslims after the treaty?
A. Banū Khuzaʿah
B. Banū Qurayẓah
C. Banū Naḍīr
D. Banū Tamīm
Correct Answer: A. Banū Khuzaʿah
Explanation: Banū Khuzaʿah allied with Muslims under the treaty. Their later attack by Quraysh’s allies became the reason for the conquest of Makkah.

What was the Prophet’s ﷺ reaction when companions hesitated to sacrifice their animals after the treaty?
A. He became angry
B. He asked ʿUmar to persuade them
C. He sacrificed his animal first
D. He canceled the sacrifice
Correct Answer: C. He sacrificed his animal first
Explanation: The companions were saddened at being denied ʿUmrah. The Prophet ﷺ calmly sacrificed his camel and shaved his head, setting the example. The companions then followed immediately.

Which companion struggled emotionally with the treaty, saying, “Are we not on the truth?”
A. Abū Bakr
B. ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
C. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
D. Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqās
Correct Answer: C. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
Explanation: ʿUmar questioned why Muslims accepted seemingly humiliating terms. Later, he regretted his doubt when he saw the treaty’s wisdom. His honesty showed human struggle with divine plans.

Which Qur’anic surah was revealed after the treaty?
A. Surah al-Tawbah
B. Surah al-Fatḥ
C. Surah al-Aḥzāb
D. Surah al-Naṣr
Correct Answer: B. Surah al-Fatḥ
Explanation: Surah al-Fatḥ confirmed the treaty as a divine victory. It reassured believers that Islam’s future expansion was secured through this peace.

What political impact did the treaty have?
A. Strengthened Quraysh’s dominance
B. Allowed Muslims to spread Islam peacefully
C. Forced Muslims into exile
D. Weakened Muslim unity
Correct Answer: B. Allowed Muslims to spread Islam peacefully
Explanation: With peace secured, Muslims spread Islam across Arabia. Many tribes embraced Islam during this period, doubling Muslim strength within two years.

How did Quraysh violate the treaty later?
A. They attacked Madinah
B. They killed Banū Khuzaʿah, allies of Muslims
C. They rejected the 10-year truce
D. They refused Muslims entry next year
Correct Answer: B. They killed Banū Khuzaʿah, allies of Muslims
Explanation: Quraysh’s allies attacked Banū Khuzaʿah, violating the treaty. This gave the Prophet ﷺ justification to march on Makkah, leading to its conquest in 8 A.H.

What is the ultimate lesson of Ḥudaybiyyah?
A. Compromise weakens religion
B. Diplomacy and patience can bring greater victory
C. Muslims should never sign treaties
D. Quraysh were undefeatable
Correct Answer: B. Diplomacy and patience can bring greater victory
Explanation: The treaty showed that what appears as loss may be divine wisdom. Patience, diplomacy, and honoring commitments led to Islam’s eventual triumph.

The Prophet (PBUH) specifically encouraged Muslims to keep their living spaces clean, differentiating themselves from those who neglected hygiene. This establishes a 'Right to Domestic Hygiene,' encouraging individuals to create a healthy and dignified living environment for their families.

Islamic ethics demand 'Ihsan' (excellence) in all labor. A worker has the right to be told exactly what is expected of them and to work in a safe environment, while the employer has the right to sincere, hard work. This mutual 'Right to Honesty and Safety' forms the basis of Islamic labor rights.

The Prophet (PBUH) taught that 'Muslims are partners in three things: water, pasture, and fire.' This principle protects the 'Right to Basic Natural Resources,' preventing individuals from creating monopolies over life-sustaining necessities and ensuring the poor have access to essential energy and water.

Islamic military ethics strictly prohibit the destruction of temples, churches, and synagogues. This protection was famously highlighted in the treaty of Umar (RA) with the people of Jerusalem and the instructions given by Abu Bakr (RA), affirming the right of minorities to maintain their sacred spaces even in times of conflict.

Islamic gender ethics arise from revelation, not external ideologies.

Public roles for women were permitted under *maṣlaḥah* (public good) if within Shariah ethics.

Aisha (ra) narrated hadiths foundational to Islamic jurisprudence and ethics.

Under the Caliphate of Umar (RA), the state began providing stipends to every child and ensured that the elderly (even non-Muslims) received support from the Bayt-ul-Maal. This established the 'Right to Subsistence' as a duty of the government toward its citizens.

Islam encourages community building and cooperation (Ta'awun). Muslims are permitted to form groups or associations aimed at social welfare, religious education, or the pursuit of justice, provided the purpose of the association is beneficial to society and consistent with moral values.