Al-Ghazali tied economic behavior to moral and political responsibility.

Ibn Taymiyyah elaborated on fair pricing, market regulation, and freedom from monopolies.

Imam al-Ghazali linked spiritual ethics to trade, wealth, and economic behavior.

Islamic law emphasizes kindness to animals but prioritizes human life. Testing is allowed for essential medical progress (like vaccines or surgery techniques) as long as suffering is minimized and the research follows strict ethical guidelines (Ehsan).

Islam emphasizes the sanctity of life. The Quran states, 'Do not kill yourselves, for God is merciful to you' (4:29). Scholars distinguish between 'active euthanasia' (which is murder) and the withdrawal of futile medical treatment (passive euthanasia), which may be permitted in cases of confirmed brain death.

Mainstream Islamic schools of thought, based on Hadith, generally hold that the soul enters the fetus at 120 days (4 months). While abortion is discouraged from the start, the moral and legal penalties become much more severe after this stage, though some schools like the Shafi'is emphasize an earlier prohibition at 40 days.

Most intellectual leaders in the Muslim world advocate for a 'Renaissance' that recaptures the historical harmony between faith and reason. They argue that by adhering to Islamic ethics (Adab) while embracing modern scientific rigor, the Muslim world can contribute significantly to global challenges like sustainability and medical ethics.

Al-Majusi's 'Kitab al-Maliki' was a highly organized medical text that preceded Ibn Sina's Canon. He was notable for his focus on medical ethics, the mother-child relationship, and providing a comprehensive overview of both the theory and practice of medicine.

The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) taught his followers not to waste water even if they were on the banks of a flowing river. This principle of avoiding 'Israf' is a core tenet of Islamic environmental ethics, promoting the conservation of natural resources.

In the 8th century, Indian astronomical texts were translated in Baghdad. This introduced Indian numerals and the positional decimal system to Muslims, who refined it and later passed it to Europe, replacing the cumbersome Roman system and making complex mathematics possible.