The Khalwatiyya order was founded around Herat and became influential in Anatolia and the Balkans. :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}

The Chishtiyya order is known for its embrace of communal dhikr and music (sama’). :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}

The Ba‘Alawiyya order has roots in Yemen and spread into East Africa and Southeast Asia. :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}

The Mawlawiyya order of Rūmī is associated with devotional practices in Anatolia. :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}

The Tijaniyya order is widely influential in North and West Africa. :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}

The Shadhiliyya order does include sub-branches such as Darqāwiyya and Alawiyya. :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}

The Naqshbandiyya order is named after Baha’ al-Din Naqshband. :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}

The Chishtiyya order was instrumental in the spread of Islam in South Asia. :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}

The Khalwatiyya emphasizes solitary retreat and individual spiritual discipline. :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}

The Rifaʿiyya order was founded by Ahmad al-Rifaʿī. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}