The Saqifah Bani Sa'ida was a traditional meeting place in Madinah. Leaders of the Ansar and Muhajirun met there to prevent a leadership vacuum, eventually resulting in the pledge of allegiance (Bay'ah) to Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA).
932
The 'Farewell Pilgrimage' (Hajjat al-Wida) took place in which year of the Hijri calendar?
In 10 AH (632 CE), the Prophet (SAW) performed his only Hajj after the Hijrah. During the sermon on the Plain of Arafat, he delivered his Farewell Address, summarizing the core principles of social justice, equality, and religious duty.
933
The Expedition of Tabuk (630 CE) was the final military campaign led personally by the Prophet (SAW) and targeted which frontier?
Learning of a Byzantine troop buildup, the Prophet (SAW) led a massive army of $30,000$ toward Tabuk. Although no battle took place as the Byzantines withdrew, the expedition secured several treaties and projected the power of the nascent Islamic state.
934
The Battle of Hunayn (630 CE) occurred shortly after the conquest of Makkah against which tribal confederation?
After the liberation of Makkah, the Hawazin and Thaqif tribes prepared an attack. Despite an initial ambush that caused temporary panic among the Muslim ranks, the Prophet (SAW) rallied the believers and secured a major victory.
935
The Battle of Mu'tah (629 CE) was the first significant clash between the Muslims and which other major power?
The Battle of Mu'tah took place in modern-day Jordan. A Muslim force of $3,000$ confronted a much larger Byzantine and allied Arab army. Although it was a tactical withdrawal for the Muslims, it served as the first major encounter with the Roman/Byzantine power.
936
The 'Second Pledge of Aqaba' (622 CE) was crucial because it involved a commitment from the people of Yathrib to:
Seventy-three men and two women from Yathrib met the Prophet (SAW) and pledged their military protection and support. This provided the formal invitation and security required for the subsequent migration (Hijrah) of the Muslim community.
937
The 'Night Journey' (Isra and Mi'raj) is celebrated as a miraculous event where the Prophet (SAW) traveled to which city before ascending to the heavens?
During the Isra, the Prophet (SAW) was taken from Makkah to Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. From there, the Mi'raj occurred, where he ascended to the heavens, met previous prophets, and was given the command for the five daily prayers.
938
The 'Year of Sorrow' (Aam al-Huzn) in Prophetic history refers to the passing of which two figures?
Occurring in the tenth year of prophethood, the Year of Sorrow marked the deaths of the Prophet's (SAW) beloved wife Khadija (RA) and his supportive uncle Abu Talib. Their passing left the Prophet (SAW) without his closest domestic and political protectors in Makkah.
939
In which significant year of pre-Islamic history did the 'Year of the Elephant' (Aam al-Fil) occur?
The Year of the Elephant is traditionally dated to 570 CE, the year of the Prophet Muhammad's (SAW) birth. It refers to the failed invasion of Makkah by Abraha, the governor of Yemen, who led an army with an elephant to destroy the Kaaba.
940
The 'Samanid' Dynasty in Central Asia (9th-10th century) was famous for its revival of:
The Samanids were patrons of the 'New Persian' literature, supporting poets like Rudaki and Ferdowsi. They acted as a bridge between the Arab-Islamic world and the Turkic peoples of the steppes.
