Ancient Greek city-states, or poleis, were characterized by their autonomy and independence. Unlike modern nation-states or large empires, they lacked a centralized political unity, often operating as distinct, sovereign entities that frequently competed with one another for regional dominance and resources.

During his long tenure at Plato's Academy, Aristotle adopted the literary and pedagogical style of his teacher. Plato famously used dialogues to explore philosophical inquiries. Aristotle's early works were written in this same tradition before he eventually shifted toward the more systematic, lecture-based treatise style for which his later works are known.

While Aristotle was a pioneer in biological classification and observation, the specific botanical distinction between monocotyledons and dicotyledons was not part of his work. This classification system was developed much later in the history of botany. Aristotle did, however, conduct extensive research into animal anatomy, marine biology, and embryology, which formed the basis of his biological treatises.

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Aristotle posits that the city-state (polis) is the ultimate form of human association. Unlike the family or the village, which satisfy basic biological and daily needs, the city-state is self-sufficient and exists for the sake of the 'good life,' allowing citizens to achieve their full potential and exercise virtue within a structured political community.

Aristotle founded the Lyceum in 335 BCE after returning to Athens. It was located in a grove dedicated to Apollo Lyceus. Unlike Plato's Academy, which focused heavily on mathematics and abstract philosophy, the Lyceum became famous for its empirical research, systematic classification of knowledge, and the 'peripatetic' style of teaching, where students and teachers walked while discussing philosophy, science, and politics.

The tension between Aristotle and Alexander the Great was largely ideological. Aristotle, adhering to traditional Greek views, regarded non-Greeks as 'barbarians' meant to be ruled. Alexander, however, adopted a policy of cultural fusion and integration with the Persians, which Aristotle found objectionable. This fundamental disagreement on the treatment of conquered peoples and the nature of empire caused a significant rift between the tutor and his former student.

Aristotle returned to Athens in 335 B.C. after his time tutoring Alexander the Great. Upon his return, he founded the Lyceum, a peripatetic school where he conducted research and taught his students, marking a significant milestone in the history of Western philosophy and political science.

Aristotle articulated this principle in his 'Politics' and 'Nicomachean Ethics'. He argued that justice is proportional; it requires that individuals be treated according to their merit or contribution. Therefore, those who are equal in relevant respects should receive equal treatment, while those who are unequal should be treated differently in proportion to their inequality.

Aristotle viewed the state as a natural organism that grows and develops, much like a living entity. He famously argued that 'man is by nature a political animal' and that the state exists prior to the individual in terms of functional importance. Just as a limb cannot function without the body, the individual cannot achieve their full potential outside the structure of the political community.