Aristotle articulated this principle in his 'Nicomachean Ethics' and 'Politics'. He argued that justice is proportional, meaning that individuals should be treated according to their merit or contribution. This concept of distributive justice suggests that equals should receive equal shares, while those who are unequal in relevant respects should receive unequal shares, ensuring fairness within the political community.

Callisthenes of Olynthus was a Greek historian and a relative of Aristotle, specifically his nephew. He accompanied Alexander the Great on his Asian campaign to document the expedition. His eventual execution by Alexander for his refusal to perform the ritual of proskynesis further strained the relationship between Aristotle and the Macedonian king.

The 'Eudemus,' one of Aristotle's early dialogues, is heavily influenced by Plato's 'Phaedo.' Both works explore the nature of the soul, its immortality, and the philosophical arguments regarding the separation of the soul from the body. Aristotle's early writing style often mirrored his teacher's, focusing on metaphysical questions that were central to the Platonic tradition before he developed his own distinct empirical approach.

Aristotle argued in 'Politics' that the polis, or city-state, is the highest form of human community. He believed it was the only association capable of achieving self-sufficiency and providing the environment necessary for citizens to pursue the 'good life' and exercise virtue, which is not possible in smaller units like the family or village.

Aristotle argued that a city (polis) is not defined merely by its population or territory, but by its constitution (politeia). The constitution determines the distribution of offices, the nature of authority, and the way of life of the citizens. Therefore, the governing system is the formal cause that gives the city its specific identity and purpose.

Aristotle argued in his 'Politics' that man is by nature a political animal. He believed that the state is a natural entity and that individuals can only achieve their full potential and moral excellence by participating in the life of the polis.

Aristotle's father, Nicomachus, served as the court physician to King Amyntas III of Macedon. This familial background in medicine is often cited by scholars as a significant influence on Aristotle's own empirical approach to philosophy, his focus on biological classification, and his systematic method of observation in political and natural sciences.

After the death of his father, Nicomachus, and his mother, Phaestis, Aristotle was placed under the guardianship of Proxenus of Atarneus. Proxenus was a family friend who took responsibility for Aristotle's upbringing and education, eventually sending him to Plato's Academy in Athens at the age of seventeen.

Callisthenes of Olynthus, who was a great-nephew of Aristotle and accompanied Alexander the Great on his Asian campaign as a historian, was executed by Alexander. He was accused of involvement in a conspiracy against the king, marking a significant point of tension between Alexander and his former tutor, Aristotle.

Aristotle's views on gender were influenced by his biological theories of reproduction, where he viewed the male as providing the 'form' and the female as providing the 'matter'. The option 'Women are passive and receptive' is actually a view he held, creating a conflict with the question's premise that it is 'not' a reason. This reflects historical biases in his biological and social observations.