The name Nicomachus appears twice in Aristotle's life. It was the name of his father, who was a physician to the Macedonian royal court, and also the name of his son, to whom Aristotle dedicated his famous work, the Nicomachean Ethics.

Aristotle considers Sophocles' 'Oedipus Rex' to be the perfect example of a tragedy. He frequently references it in his 'Poetics' to illustrate key concepts such as 'hamartia' (tragic flaw), 'peripeteia' (reversal of fortune), and 'anagnorisis' (recognition). He argues that the structure of this play effectively evokes the emotions of pity and fear, which he defines as the goal of tragedy.

Alexander the Great, the King of Macedon, was tutored by Aristotle from the age of 13 to 16. Aristotle's extensive teachings on ethics, politics, and science profoundly influenced Alexander's intellectual development and his subsequent military and administrative pursuits across his vast empire.

Aristotle defined the six constituent elements of tragedy as: Plot (mythos), Character (ethos), Thought (dianoia), Diction (lexis), Melody (melos), and Spectacle (opsis). While 'reversal' (peripeteia) is a crucial structural device within the plot, it is not considered one of the six primary components of the tragedy itself. It is a technique used to achieve the tragic effect, rather than a fundamental building block of the genre.

Aristotle is widely recognized as the father of political science for his empirical approach to studying governance. In his work 'Politics,' he conducted a comparative analysis of 158 Greek city-state constitutions. This systematic study allowed him to categorize governments based on the number of rulers and the intent of their governance, providing a foundational framework that influenced political theory for centuries.

Aristotle argued that private property is natural and beneficial because it encourages individual responsibility and care for resources. He believed that people take better care of what they own personally compared to communal property. While he acknowledged the potential for greed, he maintained that property ownership is a natural outcome of human effort and is essential for the exercise of virtues like generosity, distinguishing his view from the communal ideals of Plato.

Callipus of Cyzicus was a Greek astronomer who studied under Eudoxus and later worked with Aristotle. He expanded upon Eudoxus's system of concentric spheres to better account for the observed irregularities in planetary motion. His modifications, including the introduction of additional spheres, were incorporated into the Aristotelian cosmological framework and remained influential until the development of the Ptolemaic system.

Callisthenes of Olynthus was a Greek historian and a great-nephew of Aristotle. He was invited by Alexander the Great to accompany his expedition to Asia to serve as the official historian of the campaign. His work aimed to document the military achievements of Alexander, though his relationship with the king eventually soured, leading to his imprisonment and death.

In his biological treatises, such as 'History of Animals', Aristotle classified animals based on their reproductive methods. He famously distinguished between viviparous animals (those that give birth to live young) and oviparous animals (those that lay eggs). This classification was part of his broader effort to categorize the natural world and understand the teleological purpose of different living organisms within the hierarchy of nature.

The members of Aristotle's school, the Lyceum, were known as Peripatetics. The term is derived from the Greek word 'peripatetikos,' meaning 'given to walking about.' This name originated from Aristotle's habit of walking while lecturing or discussing philosophical matters with his students in the covered walkways, or 'peripatoi,' of the Lyceum grounds in Athens.