The Muslims’ initial success turned into setback because some disobeyed the Prophet ﷺ for worldly gain. Uḥud became a lesson in discipline, patience, and obedience. It taught that victory is tied to faith, not arrogance.

Ḥamzah, the “Lion of Allah,” was killed by the spear of Wahshī. His body was mutilated by Hind bint ʿUtbah. His martyrdom was among the greatest sorrows of Uḥud.

The Battle of Uḥud was fought on the 5th of Shawwāl in 3 A.H., one year after Badr. Unlike the victory at Badr, this battle turned against the Muslims due to disobedience by some archers. It became a test of patience and obedience, reminding Muslims that success comes only with steadfast discipline and reliance on Allah.

Compared to the others, Sunan al-Nasa’i al-Sughra (al-Mujtaba) is the shortest. Its brevity comes from selecting only the most reliable narrations.

Ali ruled from 656 CE to 661 CE. His Caliphate faced great trials, including the Battle of Jamal and Siffin. Despite challenges, he upheld justice and Qur’anic principles. His era tested the unity of Muslims.

Uthman combined modesty with love of Qur’an. He spent nights reciting it. He lived with humility despite wealth. His spirituality defines his character.

Uthman’s mushaf became the standard written Qur’an. His copies spread across provinces. His role in calligraphy preserved Qur’an’s beauty. This remains his greatest legacy.

After Uthman standardized the Qur’an, Ali (RA) defended him. He said: “By Allah, he did it with our consensus.” This proves Uthman acted with consultation. His service to Qur’an is one of his greatest legacies.

Uthman appointed many relatives as governors, which caused resentment. Some accused them of misuse of power. Rebels from Egypt, Kufa, and Basra protested. This unrest led to his assassination.

Umar combined conquests with just governance. He built the first Islamic welfare state. His fairness and simplicity made him a model ruler. His era remains a golden standard for leadership in Islam.