The Tabuk expedition (9 A.H.) is described in the Qur’an as the Expedition of Straitness (‘usrah) due to famine, water scarcity, and heat. It tested the believers’ sincerity. Despite hardships, 30,000 Muslims marched north. The Byzantines did not engage, but the campaign showed Muslim strength.

During the Battle of Khandaq, the Prophet ﷺ missed four prayers because of the intense fighting and defense. This was later compensated (qada). The event shows how severe the siege was. It was a test of patience and faith.

The Battle of Yarmuk was fought in 634 CE against the Byzantine Empire. Khalid ibn Walid led the Muslim army to a decisive victory. This battle secured Muslim control over Syria. It was one of the greatest defeats of the Byzantines.

Khalid ibn Walid earned the title Saif-ul-Allah during the Battle of Mutah. He took command after three Muslim leaders were martyred and saved the army from annihilation. His unmatched bravery and tactics secured his reputation as one of Islam’s greatest generals. This title was given by the Prophet ﷺ himself.

The Arsh is the Throne, above which Allah is established in a manner befitting Him. It is the greatest creation. Qur’an frequently mentions Allah’s istiwa’ over it. It affirms majesty beyond creation.

Mutashabihat are verses whose full meaning is known only to Allah. They are contrasted with muhkam (clear) verses. Examples include descriptions of Allah’s attributes. They test sincerity in submission rather than speculation.

> "إِنَّ الشِّرْكَ لَظُلْمٌ عَظِيمٌ" Qur’an 31:13
Shirk is the greatest injustice, as it denies Allah His right to exclusive worship. All other sins may be forgiven, but shirk is unforgivable without repentance. It severs the foundation of Tawhid. It is the ultimate corruption of the soul.

> "اللَّهُ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ الْحَيُّ الْقَيُّومُ..." Qur’an 2:255
Ayat al-Kursi describes Allah’s sovereignty, knowledge, and sustaining power. The Prophet ﷺ called it the greatest verse. It is a shield of protection when recited. It represents Tawhid in its most comprehensive expression.

Qur’an declared its challenge to produce a Surah like it. The Arabs failed despite eloquence. Its iʿjaz is eternal. It testifies to divine origin.

Surah al-Kawthar has only 3 verses. Despite brevity, it conveys immense meaning about divine abundance. It consoles the Prophet ﷺ against enemies. It shows Qur’an’s eloquence in few words.