Sadaqah is voluntary giving that strengthens social solidarity.

Zakat is an obligatory pillar promoting social justice and purifying wealth.

Abu Ubayd’s 'Kitab al-Amwal' discusses taxation, public finance, and wealth distribution in Islam.

‘Adl is the Qur’anic principle of fairness that governs all economic interactions.

Economic action is a form of ‘ibadah (worship) when conducted through lawful means.

Imam al-Ghazali linked spiritual ethics to trade, wealth, and economic behavior.

He noted that heavy taxation and corruption weaken productivity and social trust.

Al-Muqaddimah analyzes social, political, and economic dynamics, including taxation and markets.

Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406 CE) pioneered the study of economics, sociology, and political economy in his Muqaddimah.

Islamic economics aims at ‘adl (justice) and balance in wealth distribution through divine guidance.