Ijara refers to leasing where ownership remains with the lessor while the lessee pays rent for asset use.

Murabahah involves selling goods at a known profit margin, ensuring transparency and Shariah compliance.

Musharakah is a joint venture where partners contribute capital and share profit or loss according to a pre-agreed ratio.

Mudarabah is a partnership where one party provides capital and the other managerial expertise, sharing profits per agreement.

Islamic banking prohibits interest and is based on profit-and-loss sharing principles.

Riba refers to any guaranteed increase in a loan or debt without risk-sharing, strictly prohibited in Islam.

Islamic banking aims to conduct financial activities consistent with Shariah, avoiding riba (interest), gharar (uncertainty), and haram investments.

Tawhid implies the unity of the Creator, which in turn implies the unity of creation and the laws that govern it. This holistic worldview encourages scientists to seek interconnectedness across different fields (interdisciplinary study) and affirms that all truths—scriptural and natural—must ultimately be in harmony.

Al-Farabi wrote a treatise on 'Vacuum,' where he argued against the Aristotelian idea that nature abhors a vacuum. He conducted experiments with 'suction' devices and air pressure, contributing to the early understanding of pneumatics and the physical nature of empty space.

The prefrontal cortex, located behind the forehead, is the brain's executive center. It is responsible for complex cognitive behavior, making moral judgments, and the impulse control required to stay honest. The Quranic attribution of moral qualities to this specific anatomical area is seen as a striking scientific correlation.