Al-Kindi was one of the first to write about the 'purity of the air' and the 'evils of water' contaminated by waste. He suggested methods for cleaning and purifying water, recognizing the environmental causes of disease long before the germ theory.

Islamic law emphasizes kindness to animals but prioritizes human life. Testing is allowed for essential medical progress (like vaccines or surgery techniques) as long as suffering is minimized and the research follows strict ethical guidelines (Ehsan).

COMSTECH is the ministerial-level body of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) dedicated to science and technology. It aims to strengthen the scientific capabilities of Muslim countries, provide research grants, and facilitate high-tech industrialization.

Many modern scholars analyze the frequency of words and linguistic structures in the Quran using statistical and computational tools. They argue that the balance of terms (e.g., the word 'day' appearing 365 times) and the complexity of the patterns provide a structural proof of its non-human origin.

Ibn al-Khatib wrote that the plague was a 'contagion' that spreads through contact with infected people, clothes, and vessels. He argued against those who claimed it was purely a divine act without physical causes, stating that empirical evidence of infection could not be ignored.

Taqi al-Din described a 'self-rotating spit' powered by a steam jet, which is effectively an early form of the steam turbine. He was a master of mechanical clocks, astronomical instruments, and optics, serving as the Sultan's chief astronomer.

In addition to being a poet, Omar Khayyam was a brilliant mathematician. He provided a systematic classification of cubic equations and solved them using the intersection of conic sections, a major leap forward in geometry and algebra.

The Quran mentions 'a wave covered by a wave.' It was not until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that oceanographers discovered 'internal waves' which propagate beneath the surface, especially at the pycnocline (the layer where density changes rapidly). These waves are invisible from the surface but are massive in scale.

Cosmologists describe the universe shortly after the Big Bang as a hot, dense 'primordial gas' or plasma. The Quranic term 'Dukhan' (smoke) is considered a scientifically accurate linguistic choice for a hot, opaque, and expanding gaseous state of matter.

Based on the practice of 'Azl' (withdrawal) during the time of the Prophet (SAW), most scholars agree that contraception is permissible for managing family size, spacing children, or protecting the mother's health. However, permanent methods (like tubal ligation) are usually only permitted for extreme medical reasons.