Centuries before William Harvey, Ibn al-Nafis correctly described how blood flows from the heart to the lungs for aeration and then back to the heart. He challenged the long-held (and incorrect) theories of Galen, which claimed blood passed through invisible pores in the heart's septum, making his discovery a cornerstone of cardiovascular physiology.

Following the publication of Maurice Bucaille's book 'The Bible, The Quran and Science' in 1976, a popular trend emerged focusing on 'Ijaz al-Ilmi' (Scientific Miracles). This movement argues that the Quran contains specific scientific details about embryology, geology, and astronomy that were unknown at the time of revelation, serving as proof of its divine origin.

Al-Zahrawi, known as the father of modern surgery, practiced in Cordoba. His monumental work, particularly the volume on surgery, remained the standard textbook in Europe for over 500 years. He invented numerous surgical tools, many of which (like forceps and catgut for internal stitches) are still used in modified forms today.

Most modern Islamic legal bodies (such as the OIC Fiqh Academy) have ruled that organ donation is permissible provided it is done with consent and does not involve the sale of organs. This is based on the legal maxim 'Necessity renders the prohibited permissible' and the Quranic principle that 'whoever saves a life, it is as if he had saved mankind entirely' (5:32).

The Arabic word 'musi'un' in this verse literally means 'expanders' or 'expanding it.' While traditional scholars interpreted this as the vastness of the heavens, modern proponents of 'scientific miracles' point to Edwin Hubble's discovery in 1929 that the universe is continually expanding, suggesting the Quranic text aligns with modern cosmological models.

Al-Biruni developed a trigonometric method to calculate the Earth's radius and circumference by measuring the dip angle of the horizon from the top of a mountain (Fort Nandana). His calculation was within 1% of the modern value, a feat achieved centuries before the European Renaissance, showcasing the advanced level of geodesy in the Islamic world.

The verse mentions two seas meeting with a 'barrier' (barzakh) between them that they do not transgress. Oceanography has identified that where different seas meet (such as the Atlantic and Mediterranean), differences in salinity, temperature, and density create a transitional zone that prevents the immediate mixing of the two bodies of water, maintaining their distinct properties for long distances.

Ibn al-Haytham revolutionized science by insisting on empirical evidence and experimental repeatability. In his 'Book of Optics,' he correctly explained that vision occurs when light reflects off objects into the eye, debunking the ancient Greek 'emission theory.' His methodology of testing hypotheses through controlled experiments laid the foundational groundwork for the modern scientific method.

Surah Al-Anbiya (21:30) states, 'Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing?' Modern commentators often link the phrase 'joined entity' (ratq) and 'separated them' (fataq) to the singularity and subsequent expansion of the Big Bang, emphasizing the unity of the cosmos at its inception.

Islamic philosophy defines real knowledge as that which corresponds with truth (*al-haqq*).