Qur’an 21:32 uses imagery sometimes interpreted metaphorically alongside atmospheric science.

The so-called Arabic numerals were transmitted globally through Islamic scholarship.

Ecology examines relationships between organisms and their environments.

Advances were made in medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and optics.

The term ‘nutfah’ is mentioned in the Qur’an in the context of early human creation.

Geology studies Earth’s physical structure and processes.

Cloud movement driven by winds is a meteorological observation.

Evolution through natural selection describes how species adapt.

Arabic translations of Greek works preserved scientific knowledge during the medieval period.

Taxonomy is the scientific discipline of classifying organisms.