While Charles Darwin developed the biological theory of natural selection, Herbert Spencer coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest' and applied it to human society, economics, and politics. This application became known as Social Darwinism, which Spencer used to justify laissez-faire capitalism and minimal state intervention in social affairs.

The Arab Spring was a complex series of uprisings across the Middle East and North Africa. It was fueled by a convergence of systemic issues, including high youth unemployment, pervasive poverty, economic inequality, and a profound lack of political representation. Citizens demanded democratic reforms, the end of authoritarian rule, and improved living conditions, leading to widespread civil unrest and political transformation.

Max Weber provided this classic sociological definition of the state in his lecture 'Politics as a Vocation'. He emphasized that the state is distinguished by its unique ability to exercise legitimate violence, which is essential for maintaining order and sovereignty within its borders. This definition remains a cornerstone of modern political science and state theory.

Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, in their analysis of power and influence, categorized the mechanisms of control in political relationships. Their framework emphasizes the 'influence relationship,' the 'legitimate relationship,' and the 'power relationship' as key dynamics. These concepts are essential for understanding how political actors exert authority and shape outcomes within a system, distinguishing between overt force and more subtle forms of influence and institutional legitimacy.

Nelson Mandela, the anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader, was imprisoned for 27 years. He spent the majority of this time at Robben Island, followed by Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. His release in February 1990 was a pivotal moment in South African history, leading to the dismantling of apartheid and the transition to a multiracial democracy.

This matching exercise connects Gandhi to the critique of Western civilization, Ambedkar to the critique of caste-based labor division, M.N. Roy to the critique of economic determinism, and Aurobindo to the pursuit of political independence through non-violent means. These pairings represent the core ideological stances of these influential Indian thinkers.

Harold D. Lasswell analyzed political power through the lens of elite theory. He argued that revolutions are not merely about changing the form of government, but specifically about the displacement of one elite group by another, thereby altering the social and class structure of the ruling class.

'That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History' was written by Stefan Collini, Donald Winch, and John Burrow. This scholarly work examines the intellectual history of political thought in 19th-century Britain, focusing on how political ideas were shaped by the social and economic transformations of the era and the emergence of political science as a distinct academic discipline.

The Tutsi are an ethnic group native to the Great Lakes region of Africa, primarily residing in Rwanda and Burundi. They have historically played a significant role in the social and political history of Rwanda, most notably in the context of the 1994 genocide, where they were the primary targets of mass violence. Their presence is central to understanding the demographic and political landscape of the region.

Ricardo's theory of distribution suggests that as population grows and less fertile land is brought into cultivation, the rent of land increases. This increase in rent exerts pressure on the economy, which in his model is often linked to the dynamics of wage and profit distribution.