The 'ideal type' (Idealtypus) is a methodological tool developed by Max Weber. It is a conceptual construct used to analyze social reality by highlighting specific characteristics of a phenomenon to create a clear, simplified model. It is not meant to represent reality perfectly but to serve as a yardstick for comparing and understanding complex social actions and institutions.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar delivered this warning in his final speech to the Constituent Assembly of India on November 25, 1949. He emphasized that in a democracy, the uncritical worship of political leaders is dangerous, as it undermines the constitutional morality and critical thinking necessary for a functioning, free society, ultimately paving the way for authoritarianism.

The statement that Odisha is located in the north-west of India is incorrect. Geographically, Odisha is situated on the eastern coast of India along the Bay of Bengal. The other options correctly identify the socio-economic and environmental controversies surrounding the POSCO project, including resource availability, tribal displacement, and local resistance.

Fungi and lichens are highly adaptable organisms. They are found in a wide variety of ecosystems across the globe, ranging from the extreme cold of polar regions to the high humidity of tropical rainforests and the diverse conditions of temperate zones, demonstrating their ecological resilience.

The traditional approach to political science remained dominant until the early 20th century, focusing primarily on formal institutions, law, and the state. As the discipline faced criticism for its static nature, scholars like George Catlin advocated for a more scientific, behavioral approach. This shift marked a significant transition, moving the field away from purely normative studies toward empirical analysis and the integration of broader social science methodologies.

Deendayal Upadhyaya's philosophy of Integral Humanism posits that Dharma is the foundational principle governing all human actions and social structures. In his view, justice and truth are not determined by secular majoritarianism or arbitrary authority, but by adherence to the moral and ethical order defined as Dharma.

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, established the framework for carbon trading. It introduced the concept of 'Carbon Credits' as a market-based mechanism to help countries meet their emission reduction targets. By allowing countries to trade emission permits, the protocol aimed to provide a cost-effective way to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, effectively putting a price on carbon pollution.

The Paris Agreement, a landmark international treaty aimed at limiting global warming, was adopted by 196 parties at the COP21 climate conference in Paris on December 12, 2015. It represents a significant milestone in global environmental governance, establishing a framework for nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change through collective international cooperation.

The National Mission for a Green India is one of the eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change. It is specifically administered by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The mission aims to increase forest cover, improve ecosystem services, and enhance carbon sequestration to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change.

Political theory is a multifaceted discipline that integrates philosophical inquiry with empirical scientific analysis. It is not limited to a single methodology; rather, it encompasses normative evaluation, explanatory analysis, historical context, and analytical rigor. Statement 4 correctly captures this comprehensive nature, whereas the other statements are either too restrictive or misrepresent the field's balance between science and philosophy.