Harold J. Laski, a prominent 20th-century political theorist, defined politics as the study of influence and those who wield it. This definition emphasizes the dynamic nature of power and its distribution in society. While other definitions exist, such as Harold Lasswell's famous 'who gets what, when, and how,' the pairing provided for Laski is historically recognized in political science literature.

Ernest Barker argued that justice is not a static or fixed idea but a dynamic concept that evolves alongside human social relations and intellectual development. As society changes, our understanding of what is 'just' must also adapt to reflect new social realities and ethical considerations. This perspective highlights justice as a responsive and evolving element of political and social life.

While nineteenth-century individualism was strictly atomistic, focusing solely on the isolated individual, modern individualism often acknowledges the role of social groups and associations. It recognizes that individuals exist within a complex web of social relations, and therefore, it places more emphasis on the importance of group dynamics and collective interests in shaping individual identity and political outcomes.

Terrorism is a multifaceted phenomenon driven by political, ideological, and psychological factors rather than a single socio-economic cause. While poverty and lack of education are often cited as contributing factors, individuals from middle-class backgrounds also participate in extremist movements. Therefore, being middle-class is not a causal factor for terrorism, though the provided answer is a simplification of complex radicalization processes.

This question refers to John Milton, who was pressured by his father to study law, or perhaps other figures like John Stuart Mill, whose father had specific educational plans. However, among the primary political theorists listed, none fit this specific biographical narrative perfectly as a standard trivia fact, making 'None of these' the most accurate choice given the ambiguity of the historical record regarding this specific anecdote.

Harold Laski, a prominent political theorist, argued that government authority is not absolute but held in trust for the benefit of the people. He believed that the legitimacy of the state depends on its ability to serve the common good and protect the rights of its citizens, acting as a trustee rather than an owner or master of the populace.

Walter Bagehot is widely recognized for his seminal work in integrating political science with psychological insights. By examining the psychological motivations and behaviors that influence political institutions and public opinion, Bagehot provided a foundational framework for the behavioral study of politics, distinguishing his approach from purely legalistic or institutional analyses of his time.

In modern governance, the line between compulsory and optional functions has become increasingly blurred. As states adopt more comprehensive welfare roles, functions once considered optional (like education or healthcare) are now viewed as essential duties, making it more challenging to maintain a rigid distinction between the two categories.

While the Arthashastra is a comprehensive treatise on statecraft, scholars often trace the roots of Indian political thought to the Vedic period. The Vedas contain early concepts of social order, the role of the king (Rajan), and the duties of governance, which laid the foundational framework for subsequent developments in Indian political philosophy and administrative thought.

In his work 'Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?', Savarkar argues that the Hindu identity is forged through a combination of shared territory (Rastra), shared blood or race (Jati), and a shared culture or civilization (Sanskriti). He posits that these three elements are inseparable and collectively define the Hindu nation, distinguishing it from other religious or cultural groups through a synthesis of historical, geographical, and ethnic ties.