Marxists criticize theories that define the state as the essential foundation of civilization. They argue that this perspective ignores the historical reality that civilization existed in various forms before the state, and that the state's emergence was specifically tied to the rise of class divisions and private property, rather than being a universal prerequisite for human progress.

The source identifies Bakunin as the answer. While Bakunin is primarily known as an anarchist who opposed private property, some interpretations link his views to specific idealist critiques of state-sanctioned ownership. Note: This classification may be debated in academic circles, as Bakunin is typically categorized under Anarchism rather than traditional Idealist political theory.

Marxist theory posits that the state is an instrument of class rule. While the dominant class derives its power from economic control (the base), the state itself functions as the apparatus of political power, used to maintain the existing social order and suppress the interests of the subordinate class.

Karl Marx envisioned the end of history as the establishment of a classless society. Through the process of historical materialism and the eventual overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat, Marx believed that the state would wither away, eliminating class distinctions and the exploitation inherent in capitalist systems, leading to a communal mode of production.

M. N. Roy, originally a Marxist, moved toward Radical Humanism in his later years. He argued that the individual should be the center of all social and political activity, emphasizing freedom and rationality over deterministic historical materialism. This philosophy sought to reconcile the individual's quest for freedom with the necessity of social organization, rejecting both traditional capitalism and state-controlled socialism in favor of a decentralized, human-centric political order.

Marxist theory views international politics not as a clash between sovereign states, but as an extension of the internal class struggle. It posits that the global capitalist system creates divisions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, which manifest within national boundaries and influence foreign policy, ultimately serving the interests of the ruling class on a global scale.

Marxist theory, particularly as articulated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, views the state as a tool of class domination. In this framework, the state apparatus is designed to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie, effectively acting as an executive committee to manage the affairs of the exploiting class against the proletariat.

In Marxist theory, the dictatorship of the proletariat serves as a transitional phase. Beyond suppressing the bourgeoisie, the state is tasked with transforming the social consciousness of the masses. This involves the ideological restructuring of society through education, culture, and media to align with socialist values and prepare the population for the eventual transition to a stateless, classless communist society.

Scientific Socialism is a term coined by Friedrich Engels to describe the socio-political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx and himself. It is based on the analysis of historical materialism and the critique of capitalism, distinguishing it from earlier utopian socialist theories.

Critics often argue that Marx's focus on labor as the source of value and the central role of the proletariat leaves insufficient theoretical space for the care of those unable to work. This critique suggests that his model may lack a robust welfare framework for vulnerable populations, potentially undermining the practical viability of his vision for a post-capitalist society.